Up to now, little is famous from the potato odour strengths to possess T. solanivora place away from lover and you can/otherwise oviposition web site. Amazingly, Bosa mais aussi al. (2011) stated that virgin girls had been alot more keen on flower odour than just so you’re able to odours of whole bush or even to tubers, inside an enthusiastic olfactometer test. While the attraction to help you herbs certainly one of virgin females moths is generally relevant that have location off eating sites and never away from oviposition websites (Cunningham ainsi que al. 2006; Saveer mais aussi al. 2012), this new character off potato flower odour regarding servers finding approach regarding T. solanivora must be searched.
Potato gives off volatile compounds that will be species certain while others you to definitely suggest the quality plus the phenological stage of your own herbs (Bolter mais aussi al. 1997; Agelopoulos et al. 2000; Karlsson mais aussi al. 2009, 2013). Every potato bush formations, potato leaves, tubers, and you will plants generate compounds, some of which is antennal energetic in order to T. solanivora (Karlsson ainsi que al. 2009). Semi-community capturing assays indicated that the compound methyl phenylacetate (MPA) released off potato flowers when you look at the highest number and you can potato tubers inside the brief amount attracts T. solanivora. not, MPA in combination with a leading concentration of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-you to (sulcatone), a material found in tubers, reduces the destination (Bosa mais aussi al. 2011).
The aim of today’s study were to define this new signs employed by T. solanivora locate their servers. I hypothesize you to definitely, because tuber creation and flowering height exists simultaneously into the potato vegetation, potato rose odour you certainly will book girls locate an enthusiastic oviposition site. To check that it theory, behaviour assays was indeed used to look at effect from T. solanivora to help you synthetic blends, identified off and you can representing other potato plant formations. The fresh new mating position influence regarding the behaviour are looked at too because the importance of individual compounds throughout the very attractive combine.
Experimental bugs
A research colony of your Guatemalan potato moth T. solanivora, coming from the fresh new Colombian Company to own Farming Look (Corpoica), is situated. The fresh nest was interbred continuously which have wild Colombian moths and is actually reared toward potato tubers in containment business in the SLU, Sweden. Bugs was in fact was able in 60 ± 10% RH and you may 18 ± dos °C significantly less than a beneficial photoperiod out-of L16:8D. People for electrophysical experiment were stored in Plexiglas cages (33 ? 33 ? 33 cm 3 ) and you will provided with ten% honey provider, whereas people for the olfactometer assays was basically given only with h2o twenty-four h before tests.
Electroantennography
Synthetic compounds (Table 1 ) was tested into the a dosage–impulse work through electroantennographic tape approach (EAG) more than four instructions away from magnitude: 0.01, 0.step 1, step one and you can 10 ?g ?l ?1 . The brand new substances have been toned down when you look at the hexane (99.9% Lichrosolve, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Character and you can measurement away from potato, Solanum tuberosum, var. Princess, odour was indeed mostly done in a past data (Karlsson et al. 2009). Those analyses, in addition to joint energy chromatography and you will electroantennal detection (GC-EAD), shown 17 substances for the potato headspace that are antennal energetic getting T. solanivora. Additional collection on exact same bush types and you will assortment, looked at that have GC-EAD into the female, indicated that benzaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, and you may dos-phenylethanol, are antennal energetic. Hence, man-made brands of those five ingredients was basically right here checked with the previously recognized ingredients. Females pests, aged dos–3-go out article introduction and you can 12–24-h post mating were used to the assay. With the very first 29 min following the start of the fresh photophase, one copulating pairs have been selected and you will gently moved to another case. Women and men had been partioned into more cages just after just one over mating event. Antennae have been reduce on the bottom and you can climbed which have electroconductive solution (Cefar, Lund, Sweden) from inside the a beneficial forked antenna holder (Syntech Gizmos and you may Search, Kirchzarten, Germany) and you will constantly exposed to charcoal-filtered and you will humidified heavens (1.5 l min ?step 1 ). The new odour stimuli were made by implementing ten ?l of every substance and also at for every single serving into items of filter report (0.5 ? dos cm), inserted when you look at the an effective Pasteur pipette. A puffing equipment (Syntech stimuli control CS-55) delivered a good 0.5-s long air puff having a rhythm of 1 ml sek ?1 from Pasteur pipette and you will to your humidified airstream passing along side antenna. For each antenna is actually confronted by a few stimulus, in one amount height, which were demonstrated during the random order, to cease sphericity. New stimulus collection usually started and finished which have blank, hexane, and you will ladies pheromone component (E)-3-dodecenyl acetate, [(E)-3-12:Ac) (Pherobank, Wageningen, The netherlands >99.6%] (Nesbitt mais aussi al. 1985) as source, since this material got revealed reproducible EAG responses. Per stimuli was demonstrated at least 1 min pursuing the earlier in the day stimuli to eliminate version of the antenna. The most amplitude of EAG responses was registered and analysed to the EAG-adjusted software (Syntech, EAGPro ver. 2.0).
